Fiat / issuer reservesRank #10
TUSDTrueUSD
Techteryx Ltd.
- Market cap
- $484M
- Circulating supply
- 484.2M
- Networks
- 4
EIP/ERC standards & compliance
Full TUSD profile: ERC-20, permit, proxy patterns, cross-chain, flash loans, and compliance EIPs — with implementation notes and verified contract context.
Overview
One of the earliest regulated stablecoins (2018). Acquired by Techteryx Ltd. (BVI) in 2020, TUSD now presents a mixed diligence picture: the issuer site currently markets daily reserve attestations by Moore Hong Kong, while adverse SEC action against former operators and later reserve-dispute reporting raise serious questions about historical transparency and reserve handling.
Supply by chain
Market cap
$484M
Circulating supply
484.2M
Supply chains
10
| Chain | Supply | Market cap | Share |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ethereum | 313.2M | $313M | 64.7% |
| Tron | 168.4M | $168M | 34.8% |
| BSC | 878.1K | $878K | 0.18% |
| Avalanche | 845.2K | $845K | 0.17% |
| Fantom | 466.2K | $466K | 0.10% |
| Polygon | 235.9K | $236K | 0.05% |
| Arbitrum | 193.9K | $194K | 0.04% |
| Syscoin | 2.0K | $2K | 0.00% |
| Near | 509 | $509 | 0.00% |
| Current circulating supply by chain from DeFiLlama. Small supply footprints are grouped after the top 12 chains and may include bridged or non-curated deployments. | |||
Features
Engineering-oriented breakdown of capabilities: standards, who they matter for, integration rationale, per-feature risks, and vetted external references (specs, docs, verified source).
Primary Ethereum verified source: Etherscan
| Feature | Standards | Audience | Why it matters | Risk / caveat | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Daily reserve attestations compliance | — | Corporate | Issuer-published reserve attestations are useful for diligence workflows, but integrators should verify scope, cadence, and methodology rather than assuming real-time on-chain proof. | Attestation provider or methodology changes can break monitoring assumptions. | |
Chainlink Proof of Reserve compliance |
| Both | PoR feeds let contracts condition logic on reserve data — integrate via Chainlink interfaces. | Feed staleness and heartbeat matter for dependent protocols. | |
Multi-bank escrow compliance | — | Corporate | Diversifies banking counterparty risk off-chain — legal structure matters for treasury users. | Bank failure or access freezes still possible; not modeled on-chain. | |
Asset protection freeze compliance |
| Corporate | Issuer freeze function — same integration caveats as other regulated stables. | User funds can become immovable without on-chain recourse. |
EIP / ERC support matrix
Standards & compliance support for TUSD. Click an EIP to jump to the global deep-dive section.
| Standard | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Core | ||
| ERC-20 Fungible token standard | Partial | Still usable as ERC-20 on DEXes but with thinner liquidity and more issuer-specific edge cases than USDC. |
| Signatures & typed data | ||
| EIP-712 Typed structured data signing | Not implemented | No typed-data signing for token operations. |
| EIP-2612 Permit — gasless ERC-20 approval | Not implemented | Extra transaction for many DeFi onboarding flows. |
| EIP-3009 transferWithAuthorization | Not implemented | Relayers cannot use EIP-3009. |
| EIP-1271 Signature validation for smart contracts | Not implemented | Standard EOA-centric flows only for approvals. |
| Upgradeability & proxies | ||
| EIP-1967 Standard proxy storage slots | Partial | Manual verification of implementation address on each chain is required for critical integrations. |
| EIP-1822 UUPS — universal upgradeable proxy | Not implemented | Low direct impact. |
| Vaults & yield | ||
| ERC-4626 Tokenized yield vault standard | Not implemented | Use external protocols for yield. |
| Compliance | ||
| Freeze Address freezing / blacklisting | Implemented | Standard freeze check applies, but counterparty risk around who controls the freeze function is elevated. The controller key's current custodian (Techteryx) should be verified. |
| Seize Fund seizure / clawback | Implemented | Supply tracking must account for wipe events. Same operational risk caveats as the freeze function. |
| Pause Global transfer pause | Implemented | Same DeFi-wide halt risk as other pausable stablecoins, compounded by TUSD's operational instability. |
| Cross-chain | ||
| ERC-7802 Crosschain token interface | Not implemented | Manual bridging required. |
| Flash Loans | ||
| ERC-3156 Flash loans | Not implemented | Use external flash loan providers. |
| Data sourced from verified Etherscan contract source code. Implementations may differ across networks — always verify on the specific chain you integrate with. | ||
Technical notes
- 18 decimals.
- Proxy address 0x0000000000085d4780B73119b644AE5ecd22b376 uses deliberate leading zeros (vanity deployment) — can confuse address parsers.
- Implementation 0xDBC97a631c2fee80417d5d69f32b198c8c39c27e.
- TrueCurrencyWithLegacyAutosweep inheritance chain.
- Deprecated TrueReward feature (per-account interest toggle) — legacy code remains.
- Controller proxy pattern is NOT standard EIP-1967 — proxy detection tooling may mislabel.
- SEC filings and later reserve-dispute reporting describe major historical reserve-handling issues, so current issuer transparency statements should be treated cautiously and re-verified before integration.
Reserves & peg
- Reserves
- Reserve assets are reported through TUSD transparency disclosures; verify current reserve composition and counterparties directly from issuer reports
- Collateral
- Fiat (off-chain)
- Peg mechanism
- Hard 1:1 via trust company redemption
- Auditor
- Moore Hong Kong (daily reserve attestation reports on tusd.io)
Ecosystem
- DeFi integration
- Limited — PancakeSwap (BNB), select DEXes
- Yield
- None
Risk factors
high$456M reserves frozen by Dubai court — Nov 2025highSEC fraud settlement — TrueCoin/TrustToken Sept 2024highArchblock (operator) Chapter 11 bankruptcy 2025highIssuer transparency claims conflict with adverse reportinghighPeg depends on Justin Sun bailout, not reserve backingmediumDeclining exchange support and MiCA delisting
Technical references
Official docs
TrueUSD
tusd.io
Verified contract · Ethereum
TrueUSD — TokenController proxy + delegate
0x0000…b376
Block explorers
Networks & contracts
Deployments by chain — primary rows are highlighted. Always verify addresses against issuer docs before mainnet integrations.
| Network | Standard | Contract | Explorer |
|---|---|---|---|
EthereumPrimary | ERC-20 | 0x0000000000085d4780B73119b644AE5ecd22b376 | View |
BNB ChainSecondary | BEP-20 | 0x14016E85a25aeb13065688cAFB43044C2ef86784Highest volume | View |
TRONSecondary | TRC-20 | TUpMhErZL2fhh4sVNULAbNKLokS4GjC1F4 | View |
AvalancheSecondary | ERC-20 | 0x1C20E891Bab6b1727d14Da358FAe2984Ed9B59EB | View |
Engineering deep dive
Integration notes
TUSD presents a mixed diligence picture: the issuer currently markets daily reserve attestations and PoR visibility, while adverse legal and reserve-dispute reporting has raised serious historical transparency questions. If your integration depends on reserve signals, re-verify the exact feeds, reports, and counterparties you plan to trust.
Liquidity
Secondary liquidity is thinner than top-tier stables; size trades carefully and check venue depth.